Income Tax Calculator
See what tax costs before the brackets surprise you.
Income Tax Calculator
Tax = Taxable income × effective rate; After-tax = Income − Tax
Calculated instantly
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What This Calculator Does
The Income Tax Calculator estimates the tax due on a taxable income at any effective rate, then shows after-tax income and whether withholding leaves a balance due or a refund. Because you enter the rate, the tool does not depend on a jurisdiction-specific bracket table that can fall out of date.
How It Works
Tax is taxable income multiplied by the effective rate. The effective rate is your total tax divided by total taxable income, so it already accounts for progressive brackets, credits, and rebates. Subtracting tax from income gives after-tax income. Comparing tax owed with tax already withheld shows the balance to settle or refund at filing.
Example
With taxable income of 500,000 and an effective rate of 22%, tax is 110,000, leaving 390,000 after tax or 32,500 a month. If 100,000 was withheld during the year, 10,000 is still due. With 120,000 withheld, the same income produces a 10,000 refund.
Formula
Tax = Taxable income × effective rateAfter tax = Taxable income − TaxBalance = Tax owed − Tax withheldNegative values are refunds.
Reading the Results
Estimated tax owed
An estimate based on the rate you supplied. It is not a filed return; deductions, credits, and surtaxes can all move the final figure.
Balance due
Tax owed minus tax already withheld. A positive number is payable at filing; a negative number means a refund is likely.
Sources and References
IRS — Tax Withholding Estimator methodology
Withholding compared with actual liability
The difference between payments and liability determines the refund or balance due.
OECD — Effective tax rates on personal income
Average vs marginal tax rates
The OECD explains why an effective rate is lower than the top marginal bracket.
References identify the method or data behind this calculator. Where a standard or tariff changes, the current edition applies, and the assumptions stated above take precedence over a remembered figure.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between effective and marginal tax rate?
The marginal rate applies to your next unit of income. The effective rate is the average across everything you earned. In a progressive system the effective rate is always lower than the marginal rate.
Is taxable income the same as my salary?
No. Taxable income is salary plus other income, minus allowed deductions, exemptions, and contributions. Using gross salary with an effective rate will overstate tax in most systems.
Why does the calculator ask me for a rate?
Because tax bands, rebates, and surtaxes change with legislation and vary by country, filing status, and year. Hard-coding one country’s table would make the tool silently wrong for everyone else and stale after the next budget.
Can this tell me my exact refund?
No. It estimates the gap between tax owed and tax withheld. A real refund also depends on credits, other income, penalties, and how the return is assessed.